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Conjugate Heat Transfer, Inclined pipes, Heat transfer correlations

A review of literature on heat transfer coefficients indicated very little work reported for cross-flow pipe arrangement at various angles of inclination. In this study forced airflow at 1.1 m/s and 2.5 m/s across 2 steel pipes of diameters 0.034m and 0.049m were examined with pipe orientation inclined at 30 and 60 degrees to the horizontal position. A comparison of the experimentally determined and the conventional method using existing correlations for horizontal pipes in cross-flow showed that at 30 degrees inclination, 1.1 m/s, values were in good agreement. However, there were large differences at 60 degrees inclination, 2.5 m/s. Comparing experimental data with the correlations of Churchill, Zhukaukas, Hilpert, Fand and Morgan showed that for 30 degrees inclination the deviation from experimental at 1.1 m/s ranged from 2% to 18% and 2% to 8% for the 0.034m and 0.049m pipes, respectively, while at 2.5 m/s the deviation ranged from 12 % to 31% and 20% to 41% for the 0.034m and 0.049m diameter pipes, respectively. At 60 degrees inclination the deviation from experimental at 1.1 m/s ranged from 19% to 45% and 27 % to 41% for the 0.034m and 0.049m pipes, respectively, while at 2.5 m/s the deviation ranged from 48% to 65% and 29% to 52% for the 0.034m and 0.049m diameter pipes, respectively.