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Navigating the Phishing Threat Landscape: A Comprehensive
Survey of Techniques, Trends, and Countermeasures
Ajai Ram, Arockia Xavier Annie R.
Pages - 167 - 199 | Revised - 15-12-2025 | Published - 31-12-2025
MORE INFORMATION
KEYWORDS
Phishing, Smishing and Vishing, Social Engineering, Machine Learning, Deep
Learning, Adversarial Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Large Language Models
(LLMs).
ABSTRACT
Phishing has evolved from basic deceptive emails into a complex ecosystem of AI-driven attacks
that exploit human psychology and digital interconnectivity. This survey revisits the phishing
landscape through a novel multidimensional taxonomy that maps attack vectors such as email,
SMS, voice, social media, cloud, and IoT against automation levels ranging from manual to Large
Language Model (LLM) generated campaigns. It integrates insights from over 200 research works
spanning from rule-based, machine learning, deep learning, and graph-based systems to assess
their robustness against adaptive adversaries. In this work, we are uniting technical, behavioral
and organizational defenses into a cohesive resilience model. We had done a comparative
analysis which reveals that while Natural Language Processing (NLP) and transformer-based
models outperform classical methods but they are vulnerable to adversarial evasion. This study
highlights emerging threats such as phishing-as-a-service (PhaaS), AI-deep fakes and promptinjection
based exploitation. By consolidating performance trends and proposing research
priorities this survey paper provides a forward looking blueprint for designing LLM-aware phishing
detection and adaptive mitigation system. This survey addresses the research question: How can
evolving phishing threats particularly AI and LLM generated attacks can be systematically
classified and mitigated through integrated technical, behavioral, and organizational defenses?
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Mr. Ajai Ram
Research Scholar, College of Engineering Guindy, Chennai - India
ajairam@cet.ac.in
Associate Professor Arockia Xavier Annie R.
Associate Professor, College of Engineering Guindy, Chennai - India
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